从城市规划角度浅议城市道路噪声污染问题解决途径

对兰州市近三年来交通噪声的特征在城市空间结构的背景上,以公众反映为尺度进行了分析评价,研究表明,(1)公众对不同城市空间结构上道路噪声反映均为起伏大、吵闹和一般不可接受;(2)部分区域噪声污染指标超标与早期规划有关;(3)近期道路规划和建设是噪声下降的主要原因;最后指出,基于规划基础上的环境问题规律性的研究和基于环境保护理念下的规划设计模式的研究将是今后环保专业和规划专业人员共同探讨的课题。     

沪杭高速公路嘉善段道路声屏障的设计及降噪效果

在详细调查沪杭高速公路喜善张家浜中桥路段（试验路段）未建道路声屏障噪声情况的基础上，介绍了试验路段工程概况及道路声屏障的设计，并分析了声屏障的现场降噪效果，试验路段声屏障的声学指标达到预期目标，具有良好的环境效益。     

临街建筑群中交通噪声的计算机模拟

给出了临街建筑群中纵深方向的交通噪声计算机模拟预测方法。交通干道上车流采用泊松分布和等车距车流相结合模型，考虑多种车型的不同声功率级。每辆车作为一个点声源，以几何声学方法考虑直达声和有限次反射声对测点的影响。在计算程序中只要输入车流量，车流成份，建筑群中有关巷道宽度，测点在巷子纵深方向距离及背景噪声等数据，计算机便能输出Ｌ１０，Ｌ５０，Ｌ９８，Ｌｅｑ等声级值。模拟结果和实测值基本一致。     

道路宽度及车速对交通噪声的影响

交通噪声受到道路宽度及车行速度的影响。本文采用SPSS软件(社会科学应用软件)数据处理模型对道路监测结果进行分析处理。找出路宽、车速、交通噪声三者关系。并运用SPSS软件推算出的公式对道路噪声控制进行预测。     

中国交通安全技术分析

笔者在分析和比较中、美、日等国道路交通现状、交通安全的发展趋势、已采取相应对策及其实施效果的基础上 ,对我国现阶段交通特点、交通安全的状况、交通安全技术特征以及发展趋势进行了研讨和分析 ,并强调在交通安全管理的总体框架下 ,交通安全技术手段的提高是我国交通安全管理面临的迫切需要解决的问题 ,从而提出只有通过实施分阶段的、递进的安全管理对策和开展长效管理 ,提高交通安全技术 ,建立“点—线—面”的立体控制系统和道路交通安全保障体系 ,才能提高我国交通系统的整体安全性能     

从道路交通事故统计分析对比谈预防措施

笔者通过对比我国与世界上部分发达国家近十年来在道路交通事故方面的统计数据 ,并根据经济发展水平与机动车保有量的正比例关系及当前我国道路交通事故现状 ,分析得出道路交通安全事故的发生 ,与人、车辆、道路、环境信息及管理等因素具有密切关系 ,其中人 (尤其是驾驶员 )作为交通行为的主体 ,是道路交通事故诱因中一个关键性因素。由此 ,作者提出了要有效预防和减少道路交通事故的发生 ,必须将人、车、路、环境信息和管理等诸因素作为一个有机整体系统思考 ,且在未来的道路交通发展中应引入交通稳静化理念 ,以实现道路交通的安全、畅通与高效     

基于可接受安全间距的单车道交通流模拟模型

交通流微观模拟是采用计算机对交通流进行描述及分析的方法。尤其对于复杂的交通流而言,微观模拟具有明显的优势,然而模拟的准确与否,关键在于模型的建立。笔者即是在研究我国单车道交通流特点的基础上,借鉴车道变换理论,基于驾驶员可接受的交通安全间距,分析安全变换车道的各间距之间的关系,阐述了有超车的单车道交通流模拟模型的建立方法     

The indirect involvement of buses in traffic accident processes

The involvement of buses in accidents usually is assessed implicitly on the basis of the direct involvement of the bus in the collision or in injury production. This paper deals with the scope and forms of indirect involvement of buses (as a sight obstruction, for example). Accidents were selected by identifying the presence of the term ‘bus’ or synonyms in the text parts of complete police reports (testimonies, statements by the persons involved, etc.) available in electronic form, then analysed in detail. Direct or indirect involvement of a bus is found in 3.6% of traffic injury accidents reported by the police in the community studied (direct involvement: 1.4%; indirect involvement: 2.2%). The different forms of indirect involvement are then described, and some possibilities of preventive measures are discussed.     

Determination of 15 phthalate esters in air by gas-phase and particle-phase simultaneous sampling

Based on previous research, the sampling and analysis methods for phthalate esters (PAEs) were improved by increasing the sampling flow of indoor air from 1 to 4 L/min, shortening the sampling duration from 8 to 2 hr. Meanwhile, through the optimization of chromatographic conditions, the concentrations of 9 additional PAE pollutants in indoor air were measured. The optimized chromatographic conditions required a similar amount of time for analysis as before, but gave high responsivity, the capability of simultaneously distinguishing 15 kinds of PAEs, and a high level of discrimination between individual sample peaks, as well as stable peak generation. The recovery rate of all gas-phase and particle-phase samples of the 15 kinds of PAEs ranged from 91.26% to 109.42%, meeting the quantitative analysis requirements for indoor and outdoor air sampling and analysis. For the first time, investigation of the concentration levels as well as characteristics of 15 kinds of PAEs in the indoor air from four different traffic micro-environments (private vehicles, busses, taxis and subways) was carried out, along with validation of the optimized sampling and analytical method. The results show that all the 9 additional PAEs could be detected at relatively high pollution levels in the indoor air from the four traffic micro-environments. As none of the pollution levels of the 15 kinds of PAEs in the indoor air from the 4 traffic micro-environments should be neglected, it is of great significance to increase the types of PAEs able to be detected in indoor air.     

交通主干道旁室内外苯系物的分析和研究

监测结果表明室外的机动车流量对于室外的苯系物浓度起到较大的贡献作用,并且室外苯系物浓度的变化曲线和机动车流量变化结果呈现出一致性;同时,通过监测还表明室内的三苯浓度变化中,开窗情况下室内的污染物浓度的变化和室外浓度变化是一致,而在关窗情况下室内的三苯浓度变化较为的复杂,这可能是在交通主干道旁和对照点的建筑室内存在三苯污染源。